Jesus said that it is not what
goes into a person that makes them unclean, but what comes out of their heart.
Out of the abundance of the heart come all kinds of sin: evil thoughts, murder,
adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false witness, slander. This failure of
heart, what Christian theologians have described as concupiscence or our
tendency to sin, is described by the Apostle Paul in a tight little passage as
the consequence of false worship.Despite the beauty and delight of the world around us, we refused to respond to our Creator with a due sense of thankful or praise (Romans 1:21). Instead, we turned to from the Creator to the creation, worshipping it in his place, desiring the things he had made rather than our maker (Romans 1:23, 25). Through idolatry, our hearts became just as darkened and our thinking futile as the things we worshipped.
Paul is probably picking up on
the idea prevalent in the Old Testament that we become what we worship. This is
seen in Isaiah; the prophet is commissioned to preach to his idolatrous
generation with the result that they deaf, blind, and dull hearted (Isaiah
6:9-10) – just like the idols they worship (Isaiah 42:8, 17-25)! Hence why one
of things the Servant of the Lord brings is the restoration of sight to the
blind.
Likewise, the Apostle John can
describe our hearts in this manner. John can urge his readers to guard against
idolatry (1 John 5:21; cf. 1 Corinthians 10:7, 14) because he knows that
our concupiscence lies in our love of things in God’s good world (1 John 2:15-17).
The problem lies not out there; it lies in mangled love or over-desires: ‘the
desires of the flesh, the desires of the eyes, pride in possessions’. It is not hard to imagine as Andrew Cameron
does that this is John’s commentary on that moment in the garden when sin was
let loose on the world: (cf. Genesis 3:6) good for food’ [desire of
flesh]; ‘pleasing to the eye’ [desire of eyes]; ‘desirable for wisdom’ [pride].[1]
What John describes is our thankless, obsessive, destructive misappropriation
of the Creator’s creation. Our love for the wrong things has bent us out of
shape.
It was his reflection on these
verses that led St Augustine to describe our propensity to sin as disordered
love. Human beings are liturgical creatures – we are made to worship something.
In our refusal to thank and glorify God, our hearts have turned to find
something else to worship.
These are thy gifts; they are
good, for thou in thy goodness has made them. Nothing in them is from us, save
for sin when, neglectful of order, we fix our love on the creature, instead of
on thee, the Creator. (City of God,
XV.22)
What is needed is for our
misdirected hearts to be reordered, for our hearts remain restless until they
come to rest in that for which they were made (cf. Confessions I):
But living a just and holy
life requires one to be capable of an objective and impartial evaluation of things:
to love things, that is to say, in the right order, so that you do not love
what is not to be loved, or fail to love what is to be loved, or have a greater
love for what should be loved less, or an equal love for things that should be
loved less or more, or a lesser or greater love for things that should be loved
equally. (On Christian Doctrine, I.27-28)
Millennia later, the former
Augustinian monk Martin Luther diagnosed the human condition in a similar way.
According the Luther, our life and worship is incurvatus in se, turned
in on ourselves.
Our nature, by the corruption
of the first sin, so deeply curved in on itself that it not only bends the best
gifts of God towards itself and enjoys them (as is plain in the works-righteous
and hypocrites), or rather even uses God himself in order to attain these
gifts, but it also fails to realize that it so wickedly, curvedly, and
viciously seeks all things, even God, for its own sake. (Lectures on Romans)
In his A Treatise on Good Works, an exposition of the Ten Commandments, Luther says the call to
“have no other gods before me” (Exodus 20:3) and the call to believe in Jesus alone for your justification
(Romans 3–4) are, in essence, the same thing. To say you must have no other gods but God and to say you must not try to achieve your salvation without Christ are one and the same.
Anything you look to more than you look to Christ for your sense of acceptability, joy, significance, hope, and security is by definition your god—something you adore and serve with your whole life and heart. That is an idol, by definition.
In like manner, John Calvin wrote in his Christian Institutes that “the human heart is an idol factory” (Institutes of the Christian Religion, I 11.8). Our hearts and minds are perpetually industrious in imagining new things to love and worship. This long tradition of equating sin with idolatry was neatly summarized a few years ago by moral theologian Oliver O’Donovan:
“have no other gods before me” (Exodus 20:3) and the call to believe in Jesus alone for your justification
(Romans 3–4) are, in essence, the same thing. To say you must have no other gods but God and to say you must not try to achieve your salvation without Christ are one and the same.
Now this is the work of the First Commandment, which commands: “Thou shalt have no other gods,” which means: “Since I alone am God, thou shalt place all thy confidence, trust and faith on Me alone, and on no one else.”For Luther, idolatry is the fundamental root of our sins and problems; you do not lie, commit adultery, or steal unless you first make something more fundamental to your hope and joy and status than God.
Anything you look to more than you look to Christ for your sense of acceptability, joy, significance, hope, and security is by definition your god—something you adore and serve with your whole life and heart. That is an idol, by definition.
In like manner, John Calvin wrote in his Christian Institutes that “the human heart is an idol factory” (Institutes of the Christian Religion, I 11.8). Our hearts and minds are perpetually industrious in imagining new things to love and worship. This long tradition of equating sin with idolatry was neatly summarized a few years ago by moral theologian Oliver O’Donovan:
[I]t is possible, notwithstanding the truth
that we love and know only the good, also in a sense to love evil. We love evil
by resting in the pattern of loves and dreads that comes immediately to us,
treating our dreads as though they were equally real with the goods we love.
... This is perfectly expressed in the traditional Christian doctrine of
original sin, described memorably by Martin Luther as an incurvatus in se,
a self-enclosure. In sin we divide the good world God has made into two
“worlds”, one good and the other evil, and we make our own contingent
perspectives the criterion for the division. And this gives a new, negative
sense to the term “world”, which we have hitherto spoken of positively as God’s
creation. This negative sense is characteristic of the New Testament, and points
to the reality a constructed world, a world of our own imagination, pitched
over against the created world and in opposition to it.[2]
The great human tragedy is
that despite being the divinely commissioned image-bearers in the world, we turned
from reflecting that image to the creation and love of other images. We
exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped idols of our fashioning. Out
of the abundance of the heart comes all kind of impurities, and our hearts had
grown ruinous. Yet whilst the human heart spewed forth impurity, the Jesus
Christ – the very image of God (2 Corinthians 4:4; Colossians 1:15) – came
forth to heal our hearts. His work is summarised by Hebrews 1:3 as such:
He is the reflection of God’s
glory and the exact imprint of God’s very being, and he sustains all things by
his powerful word. When he had made purification for sins, he sat down at the
right hand of the Majesty on high…
Hebrews goes on to say that
this purification came through Jesus’ own blood (9:14). He has put away sin
once and for all (9:26), enabling those purified by him to serve the living
God. The end result as pictured in Hebrews 13 is a life issuing forth as a
sacrifice of praise. Those purified by Jesus the great high priest are enabled
to live a life of worship to God. Along the same lines Paul encourages the mind
set on the Spirit to be transformed, as the body worships God (Romans 12:1):
I appeal to you therefore,
brothers and sisters, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living
sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship.
This is the antithesis of the
perverted worship of Romans 1. Whereas in Romans 1 humans were dishonoured in
their bodies, worshipping and serving creatures, disapproving of God which issued in
a depraved mind, in Romans 12 Christians are instructed to present their bodies
in the service and worship of God, which leads to the renewing of their minds,
that they may approve God’s will. The achievement of Christ is to turn God’s
enemies into those who are by the Spirit conformed to the image of God’s Son. We
are set free from sin to respond to God by grace. In other words, we are turned
from sinners into singers. We do not live under slavery to sin. The prayer of
conversion is, with John Donne, that God would “Come | And recreate me now
grown ruinous.” We are made fit to worship the true and living
God. Far from being hostile towards and unable to please God, I am someone who
lives for the praise of God’s glory. Rather than being incurvatus in se,
I live (in another of Luther’s phrases) coram Deo; that is, before God, before
his face, and in his presence.
This is not to deny the
presence of sin in Christians, what Don Carson describes as “shocking,
inexcusable, forbidden, appalling, out of line with what we are as Christians.”
But to be a Christian is to have one’s darkened heart renewed by the Spirit, so
that the abundance of this heart, by God’s grace, produces fruit. Having been purified
by our high priest, we are transformed from idol makers to glory reflectors,
from incurvatus in se to coram Deo, from sinners to singers.
We know that our old self was
crucified with him so that the body of sin might be destroyed, and we might no
longer be enslaved to sin. (Romans 6:6)
Through him, then, let us continually offer a sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of lips that confess his name. (Hebrews 13:15)
[1]
Andrew Cameron, Joined-up life: A Christian account of how ethics works
(Nottingham: IVP, 2011), 52-53.
[2]
Oliver O’Donovan, New College Lectures 2007: Lecture 2 ‘Admiring’. http://www.newcollege.unsw.edu.au/newcollegelectures.html.
